Hanging a ceiling fan - Locate the fan, cut a 4-in.-diameter hole in the ceiling, insert the bar into the hole 1, and maneuver it until its feet stand on top of the drywall. Then hand-turn the bar to expand it. When the bar touches a joist on both ends, turn the bar with a wrench to drive the bar points into the joists 2.

 
6.5K. 275K views 6 months ago. In this video I show you how to install a ceiling fan and avoid an incredibly common and potentially dangerous mistake most DIYers make. The ceiling fan.... Best strength training app

1. Uninstall and Remove an Existing Fixture. 2. Install the Ceiling Bracket. 3. Wire the Ceiling Fan. 4. Finish Installing the Canopy or Motor Housing. 5. Install the Blades. 6. Install the …This video will show you how to install a ceiling fan on a ceiling with a 45 degree angle. Most fans that you can buy at Home Depot or Lowes will only allow ...Aug 2, 2023 · The cost for a hanging propeller ceiling fan can range from $150 to $300. Low-Profile. Low-profile ceiling fans, also called hugger or flush-mount ceiling fans, are suitable for homes with ... Things Covered in This Guide. Follow These 6 Steps to Wire a Ceiling Fan. Step 1: Turn Off Power and Shut Off Breaker. Step 2: Remove the Old Light Fixture. Step 3: Remove the Old Electrical Box. Step 4: Install the Ceiling Fan Brace Box. Step 5: Wire the Fan. Step 6: Hang the Fan and Connect the Wires. Some Additional Tips to Wire a … The national average cost of ceiling fan installation is about $250, though the price may range from $100–$600 or more, depending on the complexity of the project. Use our expert research to learn more about your project. Enter your ZIP code and tell us about your home. Match with local experts who can meet your needs. With this suspended beam setup, he found hanging a ceiling fan to be a snap. Two of the defining characteristics of wood is that it's solid, and heavy. That's why it makes such a striking addition to an interior decor - providing a look of timeless sophistication that adds character and class to any room. Our faux beams serve as a …Nov 19, 2007 · Learn how to reinforce the ceiling and prepare the ceiling fan box when installing a ceiling fan in this free DIY video.Expert: Chad SmithBio: Chad Smith, a ... Our new ceiling fan installation service costs $300, which includes standard installation where there is no prior ceiling fan in position. Non-standard ...A flush-mounted ceiling fan is ideal if your ceiling is less than 8 feet high. If your ceiling is higher than 8-feet, however, you should opt for downrod mounting. Flush-mounted fans tend to be noisier and move less air than downrod-mounted fans. Many ceiling fans sold today can be mounted in more than one manner. Locate the fan, cut a 4-in.-diameter hole in the ceiling, insert the bar into the hole 1, and maneuver it until its feet stand on top of the drywall. Then hand-turn the bar to expand it. When the bar touches a joist on both ends, turn the bar with a wrench to drive the bar points into the joists 2. Blind & Sons is here for all your ceiling fan needs in Akron and Northeast Ohio! Call us at (330) 753-7711 or contact us online!How To Hang A Ceiling Fan In A Mobile Home. Hanging a ceiling fan in a mobile home requires basic electrical skills and knowledge. Preparation. First, it’s crucial to ensure that your mobile home’s electrical system can handle the additional load of a ceiling fan. Most mobile homes have a 120-volt electrical system suitable for most ceiling ...The most common method used to find the right downrod length is to take the ceiling height, subtract the height of the ceiling fan (most fans are between 12 and 18 inches in height depending on the fan), and then subtract the desired hanging height (usually eight feet). For example, if your ceiling is 12 feet high and your ceiling fan is 12 ...Mar 14, 2014 ... Make sure that all exposed wires are secured inside wire nuts. Most fans/houses will have these wires and will go something like this. Match the ...Hunter ceiling fans are known for their quality and durability. However, like any other appliance, they may require replacement parts over time. One of the most crucial aspects of ...A web search for "vaulted ceiling fan mount" will yield many ideas. A common choice is to build it with dimensional lumber and wrap with drywall. You might instead choose to build it with plywood, a solid wood like oak or maple or alder, or even rough-hewn timber to match those rafter ties and leave the wood showing.This video will show you how to install a ceiling fan on a ceiling with a 45 degree angle. Most fans that you can buy at Home Depot or Lowes will only allow ... WAC Smart Fans Eclipse Indoor and Outdoor 5-Blade Ceiling Fan 54in Satin Brass Matte Black with 3000K LED Light Kit and Remote Control works with Alexa and iOS or Android App. 101. $24995. List: $279.95. Save 10% at checkout. FREE delivery Thu, Mar 7. Works with Alexa. How-To. Installing a Ceiling Fan. Mount the fan box securely, and then wire and hang the fan. By Mike Litchfield, Michael McAlister. All fans must be securely mounted to framing, but this is …Attach the Fan Blades. Place the fan blades onto the fan motor. Align the screws on the motor with the holes in the blades. Use a screwdriver to secure the blades to the bracket, tightening the screws until they are snug. Test that all connections are secure by gently tugging on the fan blades. 6.This feature allows the fan to hug the ceiling and connect directly to the mount on the ceiling—which is where they also get the nickname "hugger" fans or "flush-mount" fans. Hanging Propeller Costing between $300 and $900 to purchase and install, hanging propeller fans cool off larger rooms with ceilings over nine feet high.Oct 17, 2022 · A flush mount aka hugger ceiling fan is ideal to use on low ceilings because it is mounted directly to the ceiling and has no downrod suspending it from the ceiling. Thus the main difference between a standard fan and a flush mount fan is that the distance between the ceiling and the fan blades differs. This makes the flush mount ceiling fan ... This brief video shows a very simple fan installation in a vaulted ceiling. You don't have to spend a whole lot of money to make major upgrades to a space. L...Choose the Right Fan. First, find the right sized fan for your space. The bigger your room, the bigger the fan you’ll need. Here are some general guidelines…. 36″ diameter = Longest Wall in Room is < 12 ft. 42″ diameter = Longest Wall in Room is between 12-15 ft. 52″ diameter = Longest Wall in Room is > 15 ft.A flush mount aka hugger ceiling fan is ideal to use on low ceilings because it is mounted directly to the ceiling and has no downrod suspending it from the ceiling. Thus the main difference between a standard fan and a flush mount fan is that the distance between the ceiling and the fan blades differs. This makes the flush mount ceiling fan ...Scenario 2: Connecting the Light Kit and the Fan With A Multi-Switch If you’re looking to control your fan and lights separately with different switches, here’s how to do it: Step 1: Connect the blue wire to the ceiling live wire Inside your ceiling box, look for the secondary live wire, often in black or red color.; Now, simply connect the blue wire …A web search for "vaulted ceiling fan mount" will yield many ideas. A common choice is to build it with dimensional lumber and wrap with drywall. You might instead choose to build it with plywood, a solid wood like oak or maple or alder, or even rough-hewn timber to match those rafter ties and leave the wood showing.Ceiling fans are a great addition to any home, providing comfort and energy efficiency. However, choosing the right size ceiling fan for your space is crucial to ensure optimal per...Top 6 Outdoor Ceiling Fans. Best Overall: Hunter Fan Cassius Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best Wet-Rated: Prominence Home Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best With Light: Hunter Fan Key Biscayne Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best Without Light: Minka-Aire Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best for Patios: Hunter Fan Sea Wind Outdoor Ceiling Fan.When you are installing a ceiling fan on any angled ceiling, you will need a long downrod, or a ceiling fan extender. Most ceiling fan manufacturers include a short downrod in the box, but to install a ceiling fan safely on a vaulted or cathedral ceiling you will need to have a total downrod length of at least 12 inches.Ceiling fans are an essential part of every home, especially during summers. They provide a comfortable breeze that can help you beat the heat without breaking the bank. However, c...When choosing your fan, you will come across the terms "downrod" and "flush." Pay close attention to your ceiling height so you can determine which mounting option you need. Ideally, your ceiling fan height (from floor to blade) should be 8 feet. Fans mounted too close to the ceiling will trap or move less air around the space.Feb 2, 2009 ... Secure the mounting bracket to the ceiling electrical box with mounting screws and lock washers. If the fan comes with a J-hook, install the ...1. When hanging a ceiling fan and chandelier in the same room, be sure to consider the size of each fixture when choosing the mounting heights. A larger ceiling fan or chandelier will require a higher mounting height for optimal performance and safety. 2. Determine whether you need to purchase an additional junction box for your ceiling fan.For those who want to install a ceiling fan and have a slightly angled or raked ceiling, don’t worry at all! There are a large selection of ceiling fans on the market today that can be installed on angled ceilings.. The reason for this is that today ceiling fans come with a ‘ball joint’ mechanism.The fan consists of a usually cone or round shaped ‘canopy’ or metal …A typical ceiling fan uses 60 to 75 watts of energy per hour even when running on high. This makes ceiling fans a very efficient alternative to a typical central air conditioning u...Set a Weight. Peel off the backing and stick the adhesive-backed balancing weight on the top center of the blade directly in line with the balancing clip. Add more weight if needed to get a smooth-running fan. We show you how to adjust and balance your ceiling fan blades to stop the wobble and rattle. Get your fan running smoothly in 15 … In January 2024 the cost to Install a Ceiling Fan starts at $580 - $1,001 per fan. Use our Cost Calculator for cost estimate examples customized to the location, size and options of your project. To estimate costs for your project: 1. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials purchased. Ceiling fans are a great addition to any home, providing comfort and energy efficiency. However, choosing the right size ceiling fan for your space is crucial to ensure optimal per...Jun 27, 2022 · The minimum downrod length for a ceiling fan on a sloped or vaulted ceiling is 12 inches and the maximum is 36 inches. But this depends on the slope of the roof. To be exact the downrod length should be 4 inches more than the multiple of the rise of the ceiling per inch of its run and the fan’s radius. That is, Downrod length (inches) = 4 ... Find our step-by-step guide on how to install a ceiling fan. Installing a ceiling fan is a great way to upgrade your home's look, improve air circulation and...When you hang a ceiling fan, it needs to be right. Use the right support method to assure your fan will stay put, providing air movement and aesthetics too!#...http://www.VideoJoeKnows.com Learn how to install a mounting bracket when installing a ceiling fan. "Joe" shows you how to install a mounting bracket to a c...Vaulted ceiling fans are a broad category of hanging fixtures designed for use on raised or sloped ceilings. Fans marketed for vaulted ceilings are rarely much different than their standard counterparts. They may include small variations like longer downrods, larger fan blades, and canopies that can be mounted at an angle. ...While standing directly under the ceiling fan you should feel a cool breeze. The airflow produced creates a wind-chill effect, making you "feel" cooler. In the ...As with other features, the fan’s mount will affect airflow. The closer a fan is to the ceiling, the less air it can push up or down. This is important to note if your ceilings are lower than 8 feet and you’re considering a flush-mounted fan (a fan that’s mounted directly to the ceiling without a downrod). An extended mount can help lower your fan to …May 12, 2018 ... You must use an approved fan ceiling bracket of the type that Ray shows. It should be very easy to install the bracket since the hole is already ...Sep 23, 2022 · A ceiling fan typically weighs anywhere from 15 to 35 pounds depending on the length of the blades and whether or not it has a light kit, but that's just dead weight. When the fan is spinning, the torque it continuously applies to the electrical box is like extra weight. While it isn't always easy to quantify the difference, a fair estimate of ... Ceiling fans are an essential part of every home, especially during summers. They provide a comfortable breeze that can help you beat the heat without breaking the bank. However, c...Did you know that using a ceiling fan can save you up to 40% on your energy bill? And installing a ceiling fan is a project you can do by yourself! Watch t...6. Low-Profile Bracket. The low-profile bracket is the perfect solution for a modern and unobtrusive look. This bracket is also designed to keep the fan close to the ceiling, but it has a sleeker look while saving space. It’s an ideal choice for rooms with lower ceilings with a minimalist aesthetic.2. Locate the ceiling joist with your magnet. Climb up on a ladder so you can comfortably reach the ceiling with your arm. Hold the magnet up to the ceiling, moving it around as you search for the stud. Keep moving the …Jan 13, 2022 ... Connect the white power wire to the ceiling fan white wire, secure with a nut and push to the back of the box. With the switches in the on and ...Ceiling fans are an essential part of any home, providing comfort and circulating air throughout the room. However, over time, they may start to make irritating noises that can dis...How to fit a ceiling fan on to a sloping or pitched ceiling. Lightahome have extensive knowledge of ceiling fans & how to fit them. Watch our latest video to...The basic cost to Install a Ceiling Fan is $580 - $1,001 per fan in January 2024, but can vary significantly with site conditions and options. Use our free HOMEWYSE CALCULATOR to estimate fair costs for your SPECIFIC project. See typical tasks and time to install a ceiling fan, along with per unit costs and material requirements. See professionally …Ceiling Fan and Installation Supplies Costs. The section below highlights the average retail price ranges for a new 52″ ceiling fan: $45 – $75 | For the most basic flush mount ceiling fan with 3-speeds and a 1-3 light fixtures and no remote control.; $75 – $125 | Most downrod ceiling fans with 3-speeds, 1-3 light fixtures and no remote …Some studies have reported that the proportion of hanging by ceiling fan in India is 10% and more common among females than males ; whereas, in the United States—where ligature point is recorded for only about one-third of hanging suicides—hanging by ceiling fan is reported to be relatively uncommon . 3. Research …Pre-drill the screw holes using a drill bit that is slightly smaller than the screws. Attach the mounting bracket to the ceiling using screws. Thread the electrical wires through the center hole of the bracket. Install the ceiling fan onto the mounting bracket according to the manufacturer’s instructions.Remove the plastic caps from the end of the cables. Use a ladder to reach the wires in the ceiling and, using a wire cutter, carefully cut the plastic insulation approximately 2 inches (5 cm) from the end of the cables. Once cut, remove them to expose the copper wire. Repeat the same process on the fan wires. The national average cost of ceiling fan installation is about $250, though the price may range from $100–$600 or more, depending on the complexity of the project. Use our expert research to learn more about your project. Enter your ZIP code and tell us about your home. Match with local experts who can meet your needs. The most common problems with ceiling fans are not spinning, not turning on/off, light issues, noise, loose parts, and remote control malfunctions. Troubleshooting includes ensuring power supply, checking wiring, balancing blades, tightening screws, and replacing faulty parts. Several of these issues can be addressed without a professional.I went to Home Depot recently and bought a Brookhurst 52 inch ceiling fan that had a ball Rod joint for angled ceilings. here is my tutorial of how to put to...Mar 14, 2014 ... Make sure that all exposed wires are secured inside wire nuts. Most fans/houses will have these wires and will go something like this. Match the ...Jan 13, 2022 ... Connect the white power wire to the ceiling fan white wire, secure with a nut and push to the back of the box. With the switches in the on and ...A broken ceiling fan chain, or one that becomes stuck or jammed, is a common problem. Even during normal use, the weak beaded metal pull chain can easily break with a moderate pull. The great news is that there is no need to replace the entire ceiling fan or even call in a technician for this repair. Fixing a broken ceiling fan pull is …Top 6 Outdoor Ceiling Fans. Best Overall: Hunter Fan Cassius Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best Wet-Rated: Prominence Home Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best With Light: Hunter Fan Key Biscayne Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best Without Light: Minka-Aire Outdoor Ceiling Fan. Best for Patios: Hunter Fan Sea Wind Outdoor Ceiling Fan.The fan secures to the top of the canopy via 4 folding hooks built-into the top of the fan and the fan blades snap into the motor assembly. Power functions and high/low speeds are controlled with a remote control. When finished, simply remove the blades, fold down the hooks, and-pack your fan neatly back into its case.In this video I take you through the installation steps for hanging a "Fandelier" combination chandelier and fan. This particular model has a hidden blade ...Another factor to consider when contemplating using toggle bolts to hang a ceiling fan is the type of ceiling material. Toggle bolts are designed for use with hollow or cavity wall construction, commonly found in drywall. If your ceiling is made of a different material, such as plaster, concrete, or wood, toggle bolts may not be suitable or ...Stainless Steel Ceiling Hooks, 40Lbs Ceiling Hooks Heavy Duty, Ceiling Anchor Hook for Hanging Plants, Pot and Pans,Ceiling Fan, Lights,Lanterns,Chains (2.3Inch Enclosed Hook) 14. Limited time deal. $599 ($1.50/Count) List: $11.99. FREE delivery Thu, Feb 15 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon.The another is Hunter Crestfield, the best outdoor choice among quiet ceiling fans for home use. This ceiling fan is designed to make your outdoor spaces look good while keeping things calm and comfy. With its 52-inch blades, it's just the right size to bring both style and practicality to your patio or porch.Use a screwdriver or a wrench, depending on the fitting. Remove the wire nuts from around the wires connecting the ceiling fan to ceiling electricity. Unscrew the down rod from the mounting bracket and lower the fan to the floor. Remove the mounting bracket from the ceiling by taking out the screws. Place a piece of wood into the metal box in ...Shows installing two fans on Sunroom ceiling built by Seaway Mfg. SunRoom. Needed to secure the mounting plate to the roof and did this video because I could...http://www.VideoJoeKnows.com Learn how to install a mounting bracket when installing a ceiling fan. "Joe" shows you how to install a mounting bracket to a c...A red wire coming from the ceiling is connected to a switch in the wall. No red wire coming from the fan could mean one of two things. First, there is no second live wire on the fan and you will have to connect the lights and fan motor together. The red wire coming from the ceiling can be capped off. Second, no red wire from the ceiling fan ...How-To. Installing a Ceiling Fan. Mount the fan box securely, and then wire and hang the fan. By Mike Litchfield, Michael McAlister. All fans must be securely mounted to framing, but this is …Another factor to consider when contemplating using toggle bolts to hang a ceiling fan is the type of ceiling material. Toggle bolts are designed for use with hollow or cavity wall construction, commonly found in drywall. If your ceiling is made of a different material, such as plaster, concrete, or wood, toggle bolts may not be suitable or ...Ceiling fans need to be attached to ceiling joists in order to be safely and properly secured. Drop ceiling increases the distance between the ceiling boards and ceiling joists. ... Try to leave some buffer room from the ceiling grid. Ideally, the box will hang in the hole without any side support, and the support chains will go off at about 45 ...Jun 3, 2023 ... Since your home has been prewired, the builder should have installed a metal box with a brace bar between the ceiling joists to support the ...Mar 14, 2014 ... Make sure that all exposed wires are secured inside wire nuts. Most fans/houses will have these wires and will go something like this. Match the ... Subscribe Now:http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=ehowatHomeChannelWatch More:http://www.youtube.com/ehowatHomeChannelMounting ceiling fans o... In January 2024 the cost to Install a Ceiling Fan starts at $580 - $1,001 per fan. Use our Cost Calculator for cost estimate examples customized to the location, size and options of your project. To estimate costs for your project: 1. Set Project Zip Code Enter the Zip Code for the location where labor is hired and materials purchased. You might need to do a bit of exploratory work in the ceiling to work out an appropriate mounting location for your ceiling fan. You can use timber framing to ...For optimal performance, the fan should be hung at least 1 1/2 feet from the wall or a sloped ceiling, 7- to 10-feet from the floor, and at least 8 inches from the ceiling.STEP 1: Select a ceiling fan that suits the size of the room. Photo: istockphoto.com. When choosing a fan, note the size of your room. The blades need to be at …The steps for attaching the fan to the mounting bracket/ceiling plate will differ depending on whether the fan motor hangs from a downrod or installs flush against the …If you are looking for a small and short ceiling fan, but not necessarily a flush-mount ceiling fan, there is something key to note; All hugger or flush-mount ceiling fans are low-profile fans, however, not all low-profile fans are huggers or flush-mounts. In short, a low-profile fan is any fan that can be mounted and hang below 12 inches.Check the Hanger Ball . The ceiling fan hangs from the mounting bracket with a hanger ball. Lift the ceiling fan by the downrod to make sure that the hanger ball is properly seated in the bracket. The hanger ball is meant to be flexible within the mounting bracket to allow the fan to hang level.

Did you know that using a ceiling fan can save you up to 40% on your energy bill? And installing a ceiling fan is a project you can do by yourself! Watch t... . Asbestos in popcorn ceiling

hanging a ceiling fan

6. Hang the Fan Motor. When you have a downrod, you will need to thread the wires through the pole to the fan motor that will attach at the opposite end where the rod is attached to the junction box. If you …A flush-mounted ceiling fan is ideal if your ceiling is less than 8 feet high. If your ceiling is higher than 8-feet, however, you should opt for downrod mounting. Flush-mounted fans tend to be noisier and move less air than downrod-mounted fans. Many ceiling fans sold today can be mounted in more than one manner.Vaulted ceiling fans are a broad category of hanging fixtures designed for use on raised or sloped ceilings. Fans marketed for vaulted ceilings are rarely much different than their standard counterparts. They may include small variations like longer downrods, larger fan blades, and canopies that can be mounted at an angle. ...A flush mount aka hugger ceiling fan is ideal to use on low ceilings because it is mounted directly to the ceiling and has no downrod suspending it from the ceiling. Thus the main difference between a standard fan and a flush mount fan is that the distance between the ceiling and the fan blades differs. This makes the flush mount ceiling fan ...While standing directly under the ceiling fan you should feel a cool breeze. The airflow produced creates a wind-chill effect, making you "feel" cooler. In the ...Silent USB Powered Ceiling Canopy Fan with Remote Control Timing 4 Speed, 6 blade Quiet Small DC USB Ceiling Fan Hanging Fan for Camping Bed Dormitory RV Tent Home Room - White. Usb Powered. 4.3 out of 5 stars. 736. 300+ bought in past month. $26.79 $ 26. 79. List: $28.79 $28.79. Save 2% at checkout.A web search for "vaulted ceiling fan mount" will yield many ideas. A common choice is to build it with dimensional lumber and wrap with drywall. You might instead choose to build it with plywood, a solid wood like oak or maple or alder, or even rough-hewn timber to match those rafter ties and leave the wood showing.Jan 13, 2022 ... Connect the white power wire to the ceiling fan white wire, secure with a nut and push to the back of the box. With the switches in the on and ...Anytime a ceiling fan is going to replace an ordinary light fixture, it is necessary to verify that the box it is to be hung from is rated for ceiling fans. This usually means replacing … If you're hanging a ceiling fan, you need to make sure the electrical box is reinforced and can carry that weight. Most residential light fixtures are 5-6 pounds. Ceiling fans can be 20 pounds or more. Let me show you what a reinforced ceiling fan bracket looks like and how to install it. David Lupberger: First thing to do is to remove the ... The minimum downrod length for a ceiling fan on a sloped or vaulted ceiling is 12 inches and the maximum is 36 inches. But this depends on the slope of the roof. To be exact the downrod length should be 4 inches more than the multiple of the rise of the ceiling per inch of its run and the fan’s radius. That is, Downrod length (inches) = …Buy Ceiling Fan in Singapore. Official dealer for eco-airx, fanco, decken, Bestar, Acorn, Dfan, Exhale fan, Alaska fan, Decco and Khind ceiling fan. We offer both AC and DC ceiling fan from 30 inches to 72 inches. We carry ceiling fan from the 2 blade to the 9 blade version for basic residence to commercial retail .If you just got an Insulated Patio Roof Installed like an Elite panel Roof System and you're wondering how to run the electric wire to install your ceiling f...Subscribe Now:http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=ehowatHomeChannelWatch More:http://www.youtube.com/ehowatHomeChannelMounting …Hanging a ceiling fan on a wall is unusual, as they are primarily designed to be mounted on ceilings for maximum air circulation. However, there are specific wall-mounted fans available in the market that cater to different ventilation needs, such as through-the-wall fans used for exhaust purposes. 5. To avoid potential accidents or …Want to swap out one of the light fixtures in your ceiling for a ceiling fan? Follow these steps for how to remove an old light and install a ceiling fan bra...Some studies have reported that the proportion of hanging by ceiling fan in India is 10% and more common among females than males ; whereas, in the United States—where ligature point is recorded for only about one-third of hanging suicides—hanging by ceiling fan is reported to be relatively uncommon . 3. Research …Hang the ceiling fan’s ball joint onto the brace. 20. Make the wire connections at the fan box, then attach the fan blades to the ceiling fan. 21. Install the light kit to the underside of the fan. 22. Make the wire connections at the switch box, then reinstall the switch and cover plate. 23. Turn on the power and test the operation of the ...Do you want to install a ceiling fan on a sloped ceiling? Intimidated by making it level? It's SO much easier than you think! Sharing the very basics for a D....

Popular Topics