How long would it even take to learn Mandarin? I’m striving for 2 years. (For speaking) . Probably will be spending longer than 2 years for writing/reading. ... The question is: How long does it take to learn Cantonese after you already know Mandarin. The other optional question to answer is how long it will take to learn Mandarin.He also talked about his methods for learning the language, revealing that he had a bag with two stacks of flashcards with Mandarin words and phrases. According to Cena, the cards took him an hour ...Well, that’s easy: the answer is that it will take you… 3 years, 253 days and 57 minutes to learn Chinese. Simple. You probably guessed…. I'm kidding. If only it were that simple! …How long to learn to speak mandarin, or how long does it take to be fluent in speaking mandarin, it a question that has been. How to learn Chinese language easily? There are many options to learn Chinese language easily. If you want to go ahead with a successful career, you may select the option of.Completing "Learn Mandarin Chinese 2: Chinese for beginners" or having attended Chinese courses of any types for at least 30 hours is the prerequisite. Learn Mandarin Chinese: Capstone Project ... How long does it take to complete the Specialization? Each course takes 5 weeks to complete, the whole specialization will take 15 weeks in total. ...Check out our latest reviews, guides, and news to get the inside scoop on Mandarin Oriental Hotels and how to maximize your points and redemptions. Read all about Mandarin Oriental...Mandarin Chinese is a tonal language, It is absolutely essential to master the four tones if you want to pronounce Mandarin Chinese correctly. 4. Memorize simple vocabulary. No matter what language you are learning, the more words you have at your disposal, the sooner you will become fluent. 5.Jul 31, 2015 · Jul 31, 2015. The short of it is that there are many, many variables that go into how long it’ll take for you to learn Chinese. However, to become fluent, experts estimate that it’ll take 2,200 class hours. If you put the rest of your life on hold and focused only on studying Chinese – at 5 hours of practice a day, it would take you 88 weeks. It makes more sense to answer this question in terms of total hours spent learning Mandarin Chinese. Let’s look at some people who’ve done it and how long it took them. …. From these figures, we can estimate that it takes around 1500 – 2000 hours to get comfortable in Mandarin Chinese.Aug 27, 2018 · If you are more motivated, you can study faster and complete it in maybe 3-4 months. If you want to learn more slowly than you can take class one a week and complete it within 12 months. How fast you learn is up to you and your level of commitment and how quickly it comes to you. How long does it take to pass HSK 2? Answer: 3-12 Months. Learning Mandarin can take up a lot of your time, so let’s talk about the methods that are preferable in modern society for motivated students who want to learn languages as fast as possible. There are several online …This is how long it will take you to learn German. According to the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) of the US, it takes 36 weeks or 900 class hours to learn German. This estimation is based on native English speakers and the institute’s courses and methods. So, unless you’re a US diplomat being trained by the FSI, this time frame …Do I have to learn Chinese Characters？ Brief history about Chinese characters. The benefit of knowing characters: Module 3: Is Chinese really one of the most difficult languages in the world? What are the grammar rules and common mistakes? Are there tenses in Chinese? Module 4: How long does it take to learn Chinese: How to …Differences: 1. Pronunciation: One of the biggest challenges for Mandarin speakers is mastering Cantonese’s unique phonetics. Cantonese has more tones and a larger inventory of consonants and vowels, making it harder for Mandarin speakers to correctly pronounce certain words. 2.7. Try Mandarin Courses on Coursera. Some Coursera classes can be done on your own schedule, so if you’re trying to learn Mandarin from home, it’s one of the best resources out there for online Chinese courses. Universities in China and Taiwan use Coursera to post classes they offer online.Learn Chinese in just 5 minutes a day with our game-like lessons. Whether you’re a beginner starting with the basics or looking to practice your reading, writing, and speaking, Duolingo is scientifically proven to work. Bite-sized Chinese lessons. Fun, effective, and 100% free.It also depends on your goal, your abilities, the amount of time you study (like, you can spend 2 hours a week or you can spend 10). I learn for 10 months already with 2 major breaks, 1 month each, 2-3 lessons a week, 1-1,5hrs each + 1 hour a day of rewriting characters. I feel like I can do at least twice as more, but I don't wanna burn out.Dec 21, 2022 · Generally speaking, though, most experts agree that it takes, on average, around 8-10 months to reach basic fluency in Mandarin. With the caveat that your language proficiency can only improve over time. It may take up to two years to achieve basic fluency in Mandarin if you are a beginner. Both languages share the same written system and have similar vocabulary. Thus, Mandarin learners may find it easier to recognize written Cantonese. However, it's important to note that Cantonese has six to nine tones, compared to Mandarin's four. This aspect can be challenging, even for those proficient in Mandarin.How long it takes to learn Mandarin depends on a variety of factors, like how much time you dedicate to learning it, how often you learn it, and the quality of the apps and other resources you use. In general, it can take around 18 months to become fluent in Mandarin if you are a serious learner who studies everyday, immerses yourself …Foreign Service Institute. The School of Language Studies (SLS) provides language and culture training to U.S. government employees with job-related needs. It addresses all aspects of language training, from classroom instruction and distance learning, to learning consultation services and testing. Student Orientation.China is about a century behind England, Germany and France but its catching up in South African classrooms. Learning a language requires more than sheer enthusiasm, especially at ...Having successfully learned Mandarin, you’re probably familiar with this. It often takes the form of finding another person who wants to learn the language you speak fluently and then you teach your language for let’s say 1 hour and the other person teaches you Cantonese for 1 hour. It’s kind of a “1 on 1 language class” on a budget ...Jul 31, 2015 · Jul 31, 2015. The short of it is that there are many, many variables that go into how long it’ll take for you to learn Chinese. However, to become fluent, experts estimate that it’ll take 2,200 class hours. If you put the rest of your life on hold and focused only on studying Chinese – at 5 hours of practice a day, it would take you 88 weeks. According to the FSI, Mandarin is among the most challenging languages to learn in the world, and the reason given is ‘the writing system.’. They conclude that reaching Chinese fluency and literacy takes 2200 hours. There is your framework for how long it should take. We’ll now show you how long it takes to complete The Mandarin Blueprint ...I don’t think anybody can give you an exact number (my guess is however long it takes you to read 10,000 pages - this seems like a lot but webnovels are crazy long so read a bunch of them and you’ll be literate in the sense of being able to read smoothly at 98% comprehension)Mandarin oranges include a variety of small oranges such as tangerines, Satsumas and Clementines that are sweet and have loose skin. While Clementines are seedless, Japanese Satsum...Don’t let the root ball dry out. Keep it in the shade and plant quickly. 3. Dig the hole. Make a hole only as deep as the size of the root ball. You can make the hole 1–2 inches (2.5–5.1 cm) wider than the root ball and loosen the soil slightly with a trowel. [3] 4. Set the tree at the right depth.Since starting my personal finance journey over a decade ago, I've learned a lot. Here are the 50 things I've learned about money. Since starting my personal finance journey over a...How long does it take to complete the Specialization? According to standard requirement, each course takes 5 weeks (4 for the capstone) learning time, therefore 19 weeks are needed in an average situation. ... Completing the MOOC specialization "Learn Mandarin Chinese: Chinese for Beginners" or having equivalent proficiency (HSK2) or having 50 ...Jan 12, 2015 ... ... do it, anyone can. I'm sure you could learn Chinese in your home country, but it would take you twice as long. Being in China not only gives ...This article is an early-stage guide for those who have set off on this journey. Here are CLI’s top 8 things to know before you start learning Chinese: 1. Learning Chinese is a worthwhile pursuit. Learning a new language takes effort, …Self study: 2hrs/day, 5 days/week: 1,040 hours (3hrs/day, 5 days/week: 1,560 hours) The 4,680 total uses the larger of the figures above. Using round numbers, it's essentially 1,000hrs/year of study. You don't need to invest ~3,300 hours before you can read any article. There will be some articles you can read, albeit with greater difficulty ...How long does it take to learn a language? The book "How To Speak Any Language Fluently" by Alex Rawlings deals with this question, among plenty of other things. It comes short in giving an exact answer to how long language learning takes, because, well, there isn't one. But among all the language-learning books out there, it's one of the best!Nov 16, 2017 · In addition to learning nearly 1,000 characters throughout the course, you will learn Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization system for Mandarin Chinese, along the way. Not all Chinese characters are the same: in mainland China (as well as Singapore and Malaysia), Simplified Chinese characters are used in writing, while in regions such as ... How long it takes to learn Mandarin depends on a variety of factors, like how much time you can spend studying, what types of resources you use, and your natural ability to learn languages. In general, it can take around 18 months to reach a conversational level in Mandarin if you are a serious learner who can study frequently. …Average: 1-3 years**. If you know Mandarin: 6-12 months. ** Learning the language takes 1-2 years on average for those who ignore the Chinese characters and focus solely on speaking. If you decide to pick up the Chinese characters as well and want to read a newspaper, the average time needed is 3 years.Completing "Learn Mandarin Chinese 2: Chinese for beginners" or having attended Chinese courses of any types for at least 30 hours is the prerequisite. Learn Mandarin Chinese: Capstone Project ... How long does it take to complete the Specialization? Each course takes 5 weeks to complete, the whole specialization will take 15 weeks in total. ...Since starting my personal finance journey over a decade ago, I've learned a lot. Here are the 50 things I've learned about money. Since starting my personal finance journey over a...Dec 22, 2022 · Mandarin for beginners may depend upon your grasp of the language, training, practice, and consistency. However, as per the HSK norms, it can take an estimated three years to master the intermediate level and 4-7 years for the advanced level. The overall time required to learn Mandarin maybe 88 weeks of active learning, depending on the learner. It also depends on your goal, your abilities, the amount of time you study (like, you can spend 2 hours a week or you can spend 10). I learn for 10 months already with 2 major breaks, 1 month each, 2-3 lessons a week, 1-1,5hrs each + 1 hour a day of rewriting characters. I feel like I can do at least twice as more, but I don't wanna burn out.Mandarin oranges include a variety of small oranges such as tangerines, Satsumas and Clementines that are sweet and have loose skin. While Clementines are seedless, Japanese Satsum...Begin with pinyin tones, simple characters, grammar patterns and vocabulary. Practice writing, reading, speaking and listening daily, even if just for 30 minutes. Stay patient in your learning journey and celebrate small achievements. With dedication and immersion, anyone can master the fundamentals of the Chinese language. Whatever your reason for learning Chinese, be clear about your goals. Learning Mandarin takes a long time, and without specific goals in mind, it will be hard for you to stay motivated. By setting your targets and being clear about your motivation, you’ll find it easier to stay on track. 14. Make time to review. How long does it take to learn Chinese? It takes around 2200 classroom hours / 88 weeks to become fluent in Mandarin Chinese. Mandarin Chinese is one of the most difficult languages to learn. It is one of the 5 most difficult languages listed by the Foreign Service Institute.Self study: 2hrs/day, 5 days/week: 1,040 hours (3hrs/day, 5 days/week: 1,560 hours) The 4,680 total uses the larger of the figures above. Using round numbers, it's essentially 1,000hrs/year of study. You don't need to invest ~3,300 hours before you can read any article. There will be some articles you can read, albeit with greater difficulty ...A 4-week, 20 hour a week intensive program with Silk Mandarin starts at $1,310 and at The Hutong School, it's $1,571 (without housing). Expect to budget about $30 per day for housing and personal expenses. An 8-week program with Silk Mandarin starts at $2,610 and with The Hutong School, $7,420 for a 3-month program with housing; …Here’s the short answer. On average, it takes between 22 and 28 hours of active study to learn the very basics of a language like you’d learn in an Elementary I college course. That means you can say hello, ask for the bathroom, and get through some routine conversations, like ordering at a restaurant or asking a neighbor about their day ...Foreign Service Institute. The School of Language Studies (SLS) provides language and culture training to U.S. government employees with job-related needs. It addresses all aspects of language training, from classroom instruction and distance learning, to learning consultation services and testing. Student Orientation.Learn Mandarin Chinese is not as hard as you think. The web page explains the common challenges and features of learning Mandarin, such as characters, tones, and pronunciation. It also reveals some tips and …The web page explains how to learn Mandarin Chinese as a self-student, taking into account the level of proficiency, the educational background, the motivation, the time and …How long to learn to speak mandarin, or how long does it take to be fluent in speaking mandarin, it a question that has been asked for thousands of times by foreigners. Some are planning to do things in China, so they are eager to acquire Chinese in a certain period of time. While some want to study in China, so they have to pass HSK in several ...Apr 30, 2017 ... I DID learn to speak Mandarin ... I DID learn to speak Mandarin during only one year of extremely intense study ... How Long Does It Take To Reach ...Learn Mandarin Chinese is not as hard as you think. The web page explains the common challenges and features of learning Mandarin, such as characters, tones, and pronunciation. It also reveals some tips and …by Ms. Kong Long. If you’re asking the question “How long does it take to learn Chinese?”, you may find answers like, it takes 10,000 hours, or it takes five years, …We're busy people, and even the most savvy of us sometimes just don't have the time to learn about every odd and end in the tech world. Here are some of our favorite tech explainer...If you're interested in learning a language in '07, iTunes has a whole section of podcasts devoted to language. If you're interested in learning a language in '07, iTunes has a who...This is how long it will take you to learn German. According to the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) of the US, it takes 36 weeks or 900 class hours to learn German. This estimation is based on native English speakers and the institute’s courses and methods. So, unless you’re a US diplomat being trained by the FSI, this time frame …Dec 22, 2022 · In general, it’s estimated that it will take 1,200 hours for an English speaker to become comfortable with Chinese grammar and pronunciation. This number is based on the idea that you would spend 4 hours a day studying and practicing the language. Of course, this timeline can change depending on your goals. How long does it take to become proficient in Mandarin as an English speaker? The time it takes to become proficient in Mandarin as an English speaker can vary depending on several factors such as the amount of time dedicated to studying, the learner’s language learning abilities, and immersion in the language.Sep 10, 2023 ... It's common to wonder how long it takes to learn Mandarin Chinese. Someone with a high aptitude and some existing proficiency can become fluent ...If you've been looking to learn how to code, we can help you get started. Here are 4.5 lessons on the basics and extra resources to keep you going. If you've been looking to learn ...Foreign Service Institute. The School of Language Studies (SLS) provides language and culture training to U.S. government employees with job-related needs. It addresses all aspects of language training, from classroom instruction and distance learning, to learning consultation services and testing. Student Orientation.Jan 24, 2019 · To become fluent, Gladwell, an expert explains the 10,000-Hour Rule. If you put the rest of your life on hold and focused only on your Chinese studies- spending 20 hours of work a week, it would take you 10 years. Mastering Mandarin Chinese can indeed take a long time, but getting to a very useful intermediate level is well within the reach of ... This article is an early-stage guide for those who have set off on this journey. Here are CLI’s top 8 things to know before you start learning Chinese: 1. Learning Chinese is a worthwhile pursuit. Learning a new language takes effort, …As you can see from the above table (made by Instituto Cervantes for Spanish students), our rough approximation of how long does it take to learn a language can be divided by language level. A1 = 15% of study time. A2 = 15% of study time. B1 = 25% of study time. B2 = 25% of study time. C1 = 25% of study time.Why You Should Learn Mandarin Chinese ... Check out the top 5 reasons people take online Chinese lessons with us... ... long ambition of learning Russian in a fun, ...However, there are reasons to be positive. Updated vocabulary – The HSK wordlists generally correspond to the most commonly used vocabulary in Mandarin. Languages evolve, and so do commonly used words. The updated vocabulary is much needed, as there are a few words in the HSK 2.0 that are rarely used these days – stuff like 丝带 …Feb 4, 2014 ... With a good teacher and real motivation on your part you can definitely speak Chinese in 6 months, such as with websites with online native ...The FSI estimates that languages in this category need 88 weeks of studying at 25 hours a week to learn the language properly which is 2200 hours of total learning time. When you are wondering how long it will take to learn Korean, using the FSI estimations are a good idea as they are based on research and will provide you with a rough guide of ...How Long Does It Take To Learn Mandarin in General? Learning a foreign language takes time as learners need to build a new vocabulary bank and understand ...In the graphs in the article ‘How long does it take to learn Chinese‘, both Chinese and Japanese belong into Group 5, along with Korean & Arabic. These languages are exeptionally difficult for native English speakers. ... Not in one lifetime. But Chinese does open more doors for you: Mandarin has 1.1+ billion speakers, and Japanese only has ...Sep 27, 2023 · Be patient and remember that learning Mandarin takes time. Most English speakers need at least 2200 hours of intensive practice to become conversational in Mandarin. The actual time frame depends on many factors, including your natural ability and previous experience learning other languages. Difficult Aspects Of Learning Mandarin Chinese The Writing System . How long does it take to learn how to write thousands of Chinese characters by hand? A long, long time. Learning to write Chinese characters is the most time-intensive aspect of learning Mandarin Chinese which carries with it the least practical reward.Unfortunately, Chinese (Mandarin and Cantonese alike) has made it to the very bottom of the list in the “super-hard” category, alongside Arabic, Japanese and Korean. Therefore, it is really brave for an English speaker to study Chinese! How long does it take to learn Chinese? If you search for a fast, typical answer to this question, here ...Sep 27, 2023 · Be patient and remember that learning Mandarin takes time. Most English speakers need at least 2200 hours of intensive practice to become conversational in Mandarin. The actual time frame depends on many factors, including your natural ability and previous experience learning other languages. Foreign Service Institute. The School of Language Studies (SLS) provides language and culture training to U.S. government employees with job-related needs. It addresses all aspects of language training, from classroom instruction and distance learning, to learning consultation services and testing. Student Orientation.The Best Way to Learn Chinese: Tips and Techniques for Learning Mandarin Chinese ... will gradually enhance your Mandarin abilities. ... How long does it take to ...A 4-week, 20 hour a week intensive program with Silk Mandarin starts at $1,310 and at The Hutong School, it's $1,571 (without housing). Expect to budget about $30 per day for housing and personal expenses. An 8-week program with Silk Mandarin starts at $2,610 and with The Hutong School, $7,420 for a 3-month program with housing; …Dec 21, 2022 · Generally speaking, though, most experts agree that it takes, on average, around 8-10 months to reach basic fluency in Mandarin. With the caveat that your language proficiency can only improve over time. It may take up to two years to achieve basic fluency in Mandarin if you are a beginner. Jul 31, 2015. The short of it is that there are many, many variables that go into how long it’ll take for you to learn Chinese. However, to become fluent, experts estimate that it’ll take …Oct 10, 2023 · To learn more about pinyin, check out our complete guide to pinyin for free! How long does it take to learn Chinese? According to the U.S. Foreign Language Institute, becoming proficient in Chinese takes 88 weeks of full-time study. How long does it take to learn? Language learning can take a long time, despite many sources stating that a specific period is required. To be perfectly candid requires a lifelong commitment. ... This can make learning Mandarin more challenging than most other languages. Plus, spoken words are more difficult to separate from one …Do I have to learn Chinese Characters？ Brief history about Chinese characters. The benefit of knowing characters: Module 3: Is Chinese really one of the most difficult languages in the world? What are the grammar rules and common mistakes? Are there tenses in Chinese? Module 4: How long does it take to learn Chinese: How to …Maybe you have been thinking to yourself should I learn Chinese, but you can't quite find the motivation to take the next step. Well, we have put together ...Learning Chinese is significantly harder to learn than Spanish for native English speakers. According to the U.S. Foreign Service Institute, learning Chinese takes 88 weeks of full-time study. On the other hand, learning Spanish takes 24 …7. Try Mandarin Courses on Coursera. Some Coursera classes can be done on your own schedule, so if you’re trying to learn Mandarin from home, it’s one of the best resources out there for online Chinese courses. Universities in China and Taiwan use Coursera to post classes they offer online.Do I have to learn Chinese Characters？ Brief history about Chinese characters. The benefit of knowing characters: Module 3: Is Chinese really one of the most difficult languages in the world? What are the grammar rules and common mistakes? Are there tenses in Chinese? Module 4: How long does it take to learn Chinese: How to …
Effort is measured in person-hours not calendar hours. If you practice just 1 hour a day, it'll take over 27 years to reach 10k. If you practice 4 hours a day, it'll take about 7 years. Consider a university degree. You can get a degree in Mandarin. It'll take you about 4 years and you'll wind up speaking some Mandarin. Maybe enough to get a .... 4k backgrounds mac
Oct 10, 2023 · To learn more about pinyin, check out our complete guide to pinyin for free! How long does it take to learn Chinese? According to the U.S. Foreign Language Institute, becoming proficient in Chinese takes 88 weeks of full-time study. No, 6 months is not enough to learn Chinese. It takes years of dedicated study to become proficient in the language. However, if you are willing to put in the time and effort, you can certainly make progress in 6 months. Here are some tips: 1. Find a good Chinese tutor or teacher. This is someone who can help you understand the language and how ...In our latest blog post, we delve into the intriguing question: "How long does it take to learn Chinese fluently?" Navigating through the complexities of Mandarin, we explore crucial factors like linguistic background, learning intensity, and immersion, offering a realistic view on the time investment needed. The Foreign Service Institute estimates that it would take approximately 88 weeks (or about 2200 hours) of active learning for an English speaker to achieve professional proficiency in Mandarin. How long does it take to complete the Specialization? Each course takes 5 weeks to complete, the whole specialization will take 15 weeks in total. What ...Do I have to learn Chinese Characters？ Brief history about Chinese characters. The benefit of knowing characters: Module 3: Is Chinese really one of the most difficult languages in the world? What are the grammar rules and common mistakes? Are there tenses in Chinese? Module 4: How long does it take to learn Chinese: How to …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.The job landscape is ever-changing, make sure you future-proof yourself and start with the best skills to learn for the future. The job landscape is ever-changing, make sure you fu...Harvesting mandarin oranges at the right time can be a little tricky, but easy to learn. There are also great options for short-term and long-term storage. Harvesting. ... How long does it take to grow a mandarin tree? A: Trees bought from nurseries and garden centers will be anywhere from 1-4 years old. Mandarin trees will start to produce a ...Jan 8, 2012 ... They reckon it takes 500 hours to learn an easy language like french and 1,500 or so to learn a harder one. I think it is possible to achieve “ ...It depends on many factors on how long it takes to learn Chinese, like the current level of Mandarin language, native-speaking language, how hard you study, how good you are at learning Chinese, etc. Unlike English, Chinese has no true alphabet. Chinese grammar varies a lot compared to English. According to the estimation by experts, Chinese ...Actually, the amount of time that it takes to learn Japanese depends on the level of mastery that you want to reach. To give you a good reference, though, the US Department of State says that it will take approximately 88 weeks of learning, or 2200 hours, to be able to fluently understand and speak Japanese. Two Key Factors Decide … In China, a class takes about 40 minutes. Anyone who is preparing HSK 2 might take 2-4 class hours per week, which equals 1.5 to 2.5 hours per week. All in all, you need to take at least 36 hours’ study to get to HSK on the basis of having passed HSK 1. Unfortunately, there won’t be any pinyin on the test paper of HSK 2. How long it takes to learn Mandarin depends on a variety of factors, like how much time you dedicate to learning it, how often you learn it, and the quality of the apps and other resources you use. In general, it can take around 18 months to become fluent in Mandarin if you are a serious learner who studies everyday, immerses yourself …Jan 24, 2019 · To become fluent, Gladwell, an expert explains the 10,000-Hour Rule. If you put the rest of your life on hold and focused only on your Chinese studies- spending 20 hours of work a week, it would take you 10 years. Mastering Mandarin Chinese can indeed take a long time, but getting to a very useful intermediate level is well within the reach of ... Sep 27, 2023 · Be patient and remember that learning Mandarin takes time. Most English speakers need at least 2200 hours of intensive practice to become conversational in Mandarin. The actual time frame depends on many factors, including your natural ability and previous experience learning other languages. In conclusion, Chinese is quite different from English. The former is an ideograph, while the later is a phonetic character. To be proficient in Chinese, it takes students more than 3000 hours or 88 weeks. But this process can be greatly shortened when …How long does it take to complete the Specialization? According to standard requirement, each course takes 5 weeks (4 for the capstone) learning time, therefore 19 weeks are needed in an average situation. ... Completing the MOOC specialization "Learn Mandarin Chinese: Chinese for Beginners" or having equivalent proficiency (HSK2) or having 50 ...Reading speed is an extremely important skill that can help you pass the HSK 5. The reading section of the HSK 5 is only 45 minutes long and includes 45 questions. That means that they are giving you an average of one minute per question to read the texts, the question itself, the answer choices, and make a decision.FAQs on How Long Does It Take to Learn Mandarin Q: Can I become fluent in Mandarin in a few months? While it is possible to learn basic Mandarin phrases and have simple conversations within a few months, achieving fluency in Mandarin typically takes much longer. Fluency is a long-term goal that requires consistent practice and exposure to the ....